Economic efficiency of using molecular markers in triticale breeding: based on QTL, SSR, SNP and KASP approaches

Abstract

This study evaluates the economic efficiency of using QTL, SSR, SNP and KASP molecular markers in triticale breeding. A comparative analysis is conducted of the costs of conventional phenotypic selection and molecular approaches, the duration of the breeding cycle, the scale of field trials, and selection accuracy. Molecular markers enable early identification of genotypes, elimination of less promising materials, and acceleration of the breeding process. QTL and SSR are effectively used for genetic mapping, SNPs for genomic analysis, and KASP for rapid and targeted identification of alleles in large breeding populations. The use of marker technologies can reduce breeding costs, shorten the breeding cycle, and increase genetic gain. However, their economic efficiency depends on marker reliability, genotyping costs, and the heritability of the target trait.